Summary
A Canadian archaeologist is using airborne LiDAR and 3D terrain modeling to reconstruct Fort Anne, one of the earliest European settlements in Canada. By combining modern LiDAR data with historic military maps from 1706, Dr. Jonathan Fowler has recreated the Nova Scotia fort and surrounding landscape as it likely appeared more than 300 years ago.
How LiDAR Revealed the Landscape of Fort Anne
“Airborne LiDAR has become a powerful tool for archaeologists to tell the stories about our heritage while also providing historical information for us to study and interpret,” said Fowler, an associate professor of archaeology at Saint Mary’s University in Halifax.
Fowler created the 3D representation of Fort Anne using the Surfer surface mapping package from Golden Software of Golden, Colorado. For more than 35 years, Surfer has been used by more than 100,000 scientists and engineers to interpret complex data for oil & gas exploration, environmental consulting, mining, engineering, and geospatial projects.
“Dr. Fowler’s research demonstrates the value of visualizing and modeling multiple diverse data sets to gain deeper scientific insights,” said Golden Software CEO Blakelee Mills.
Fort Anne is remarkably well preserved considering its age and violent history. In 1605, French explorers set up a fur trading post on the Annapolis River in an area they named Acadia, now part of present-day Nova Scotia. France began building a “Vauban-style” star fort there in 1702. The area experienced numerous attacks and sieges from different enemies – including pirates – and changed hands several times. Fort Anne fell to the British in 1710 and later played an important role in the Acadian Deportation.
To create the 3D map of Fort Anne, Fowler loaded airborne LiDAR data into the Surfer package to generate a ‘bare Earth’ terrain model depicting the topography of the area as it exists today, minus vegetation and buildings. Fowler exaggerated the LiDAR elevation values slightly in Surfer to emphasize relief.
Combining Historical Maps with LiDAR Terrain Models
Next, the archaeologist obtained a digitized version of a 1706 military map from France’s National Archives showing the fort and nearby town. He overlaid the digital map on the terrain model in Surfer to create a realistic 3D view of Fort Anne shortly after its construction. Fowler repeated the process using a 1753 map from the Library of Congress to depict the site under British rule.
“The 3D map reveals the original layout of buildings within the ramparts and outside the walls in the little town,” said Fowler. “Interestingly, most of the fort’s buildings no longer exist, but some structures still stand today in [the town of] Annapolis Royal and are among the oldest buildings in Canada.”
Detailed interpretation of the 3D model has just begun, and Fowler believes previously unknown facts about Fort Anne and the surrounding landscape may soon be revealed. For example, the terrain data marks several dirt mounds outside the ramparts that could be man-made siege works and encampments built by attacking forces. There are also many 17th and 18th century Acadian villages trapped underground in the area. As he has in the past, Fowler might use the LiDAR-based 3D surface map as a guide to return with Ground Penetrating Radar and investigate what remains hidden beneath the soil in and around this historic landscape.
For more information on Dr. Fowler’s research at Fort Anne, read his articles on LinkedIn and Facebook.
Canada preserved Fort Anne as its first National Historic Site in 1921. The fort’s full story published by Parks Canada may be found here.
Conclusion
Projects like the Fort Anne reconstruction highlight how airborne LiDAR is transforming archaeology in Canada and around the world. By removing vegetation and revealing subtle terrain features, LiDAR allows researchers to identify long-buried structures, ancient roads, and defensive earthworks that are difficult or impossible to detect using traditional field surveys alone.
